On-station research trials at IPR/IFRA - Rural Polytechnic Institute near Koulikoro, Mali

Photo: Harun Cicek
Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL
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A recent study by Spanish colleagues and Stéphane Saj at the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) examined how different cocoa farming systems affect the environment over the long term, comparing conventional monoculture cocoa with agroforestry systems.

 

Across the 12-year study, diversified cocoa systems consistently showed better environmental performance and higher overall productivity when considering all crops, not just cocoa. Well-managed agroforestry systems can achieve competitive cocoa yields while improving income stability, resource efficiency, and climate resilience, making them a strong long-term alternative to monoculture. As Stéphane Saj puts it: “If we are thinking about cocoa sourcing in the medium to long term, the message is clear: agroforestry systems are the way forward.”

 

The research findings and the challenges of adopting sustainable cocoa production systems are further explored in an interview conducted by the Swiss Platform for Sustainable Cocoa.

 

Read the full interview with Stéphane Saj by clicking on "read more".

Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL)

Experiences from Helvetas projects in Laos, Ethiopia and Mozambique show how biodiversity-based approaches can effectively manage agricultural pests while improving productivity. In Laos, farmers successfully combined biological control methods—such as the use of predatory insects—with locally produced solutions like tobacco sprays to combat the fall armyworm, significantly reducing crop losses and increasing yields. In Ethiopia, smallholder farmers are using mixtures of cattle urine and plant-based extracts (e.g. neem, garlic, aloe vera) alongside crop rotation and organic fertilization, resulting in healthier soils and reduced pressure on pollinators. In Mozambique, the application of “effective microorganisms” has helped suppress plant diseases, reduce pesticide dependence, and increase yields, while also creating new income opportunities through beekeeping. Across all cases, integrated pest management approaches that combine ecological knowledge with local practices contribute to more resilient farming systems and reduced environmental impact.

Helvetas

New data published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development show that Switzerland’s official development assistance (ODA) declined further in 2025, reaching approximately 0.36% of gross national income—well below the internationally agreed 0.7% target set by the United Nations.

 

According to Alliance Sud, Switzerland is now achieving only about half of this target, despite a favourable fiscal context. The country also failed to meet its own intermediate objective of 0.5%, raising questions about the political prioritisation of international cooperation.

 

This trend reflects a broader shift in global development financing. In recent months, major geopolitical developments—including the dismantling of United States Agency for International Development under the administration of Donald Trump—have contributed to a weakening of multilateral engagement. Several Western countries are increasingly reallocating public resources towards defence and domestic priorities, often at the expense of development cooperation.

 

The implications are significant for global agrifood systems. Reduced public financing risks undermining long-term investments in agricultural research, rural development, and food system transformation—particularly in low-income countries already facing compounded pressures from climate change, market volatility, and geopolitical instability.

 

At the same time, the debate remains politically contested. While a majority of the Swiss population reportedly supports maintaining or increasing development spending, current policy trajectories point in the opposite direction.

 

In this context, declining commitments to international cooperation raise broader concerns about the future of collective action on global challenges, including food security, sustainable agriculture, and the resilience of food systems worldwide.

The ongoing disruptions linked to tensions around the Strait of Hormuz are exposing the structural vulnerabilities of global agrifood systems, with significant impacts on food security in the Global South. According to SWISSAID, the crisis highlights the heavy dependence of agriculture on fossil fuels, particularly for fertilizer production and transport.

 

Rising energy prices are already affecting partner countries. In Tanzania, fuel prices have increased by over 33%, while in India, shortages of cooking gas are disrupting households and small businesses. In Chad, food prices have surged dramatically, with meat prices doubling and fuel costs also rising sharply. These dynamics are particularly severe in rural areas, where higher transport costs limit farmers’ access to markets and reduce incomes.

 

Beyond energy, a fertilizer crisis is emerging. Supply disruptions are occurring at a critical moment in the agricultural calendar, forcing farmers to reduce fertilizer use, switch crops, or abandon planting altogether. In many African countries, where agriculture relies heavily on imported inputs, this is expected to lead to lower yields, reduced incomes, and increased food insecurity.

 

The World Food Programme estimates that up to 45 million additional people could face food insecurity by the end of 2026 if the crisis persists.

 

SWISSAID emphasizes that these developments reflect deeper systemic issues, including the concentration of global agricultural inputs and reliance on external supply chains. As a response, the organization promotes agroecological approaches that rely on local resources, improve soil health, and reduce dependency on imported fertilizers and pesticides. Such approaches are presented as key to strengthening resilience and fostering more autonomous and sustainable food systems.

SWISSAID

The World Food System Center has published its 2025 Annual Report, highlighting research, education, and dialogue activities aimed at advancing sustainable food systems. Key initiatives include projects on data-driven farm management, regenerative agriculture, and innovative food processing technologies. The report also emphasizes the Center’s role in fostering international dialogue and training future professionals through interdisciplinary education. With strengthened partnerships and new leadership, the Center aims to further accelerate food system transformation in the coming years.

ETH Zürich

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