This conceptual paper compares three overarching frameworks used to analyze agri-food systems: multifunctionality, ecosystem services, and the just transition approach. The authors argue that while the first two concepts have been useful for recognizing agriculture’s multiple functions and environmental contributions, they fall short of addressing systemic social and ecological challenges. The “just transition” framework is proposed as a more comprehensive alternative that integrates justice, sustainability, and governance dimensions, offering pathways for transformative policy innovations toward equitable and sustainable food systems.